Pada Lesson kali ini akan dibahas tentang parts of speech yang fokus kepada pembahasan tentang active & passve sentence/active & passive voice.
Untuk memahami materi tentang active voice, Anda perlu menguasai materi penunjang berikut:
Active Sentence / Active Voice
Secara sederhana, active sentence/voice (kalimat aktif) merupakan kalimat yang subjeknya melakukan predikat.
- She learns English at home
Pada contoh kalimat sederhana diatas, subjek "she" melakukan predikat "learns".
Didalam bahasa Indonesia, predikat dari kalimat aktif biasanya berupa kata kerja dasar atau berawalan "me-"; misalnya "belajar" atau "mempelajari".
Berikut contoh-contoh kalimat aktif (active sentence/voice) dalam kaitannya dengan pronoun, noun dan tense & aspect. Perhatikan perubahan predikat yang diakibatkan oleh subjek (pronoun/noun) dan tense & aspect.
Active Sentence in Past Tense
- SIMPLE
- I wrote a letter
- I learned English
- I read journal abstract
- She wrote a letter
- She learned English
- She read journal abstract
- They wrote a letter
- They learned English
- They read journal abstract
- CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE
- I was writing a letter
- I was learning English
- I was reading journal abstract
- She was writing a letter
- She was learning English
- She was reading journal abstract
- They were writing a letter
- They were learning English
- They were reading journal abstract
- PERFECT
- I had written a letter
- I had learned English
- I had read journal abstract
- She had written a letter
- She had learned English
- She had read journal abstract
- They had written a letter
- They had learned English
- They had read journal abstract
- PERFECT CONTINUOUS
- I had been writing a letter
- I had been learning English
- I had been reading journal abstract
- She had been writing a letter
- She had been learning English
- She had been reading journal abstract
- They had been writing a letter
- They had been learning English
- They had been reading journal abstract
Active Sentence in Present Tense
- SIMPLE
- I write a letter
- I learn English
- I read journal abstract
- She writes a letter
- She learns English
- She reads journal abstract
- They write a letter
- They learn English
- They read journal abstract
- CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE
- I am writing a letter
- I am learning English
- I am reading journal abstract
- She is writing a letter
- She is learning English
- She is reading journal abstract
- They are writing a letter
- They are learning English
- They are reading journal abstract
- PERFECT
- I have written a letter
- I have learned English
- I have read journal abstract
- She has written a letter
- She has learned English
- She has read journal abstract
- They have written a letter
- They have learned English
- They have read journal abstract
- PERFECT CONTINUOUS
- I have been writing a letter
- I have been learning English
- I have been reading journal abstract
- She has been writing a letter
- She has been learning English
- She has been reading journal abstract
- They have been writing a letter
- They have been learning English
- They have been reading journal abstract
Active Sentence in Future Tense
- SIMPLE
- I will write a letter
- I will learn English
- I will read journal abstract
- She will write a letter
- She will learn English
- She will read journal abstract
- They will write a letter
- They will learn English
- They will read journal abstract
- CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE
- I will be writing a letter
- I will be learning English
- I will be reading journal abstract
- She will be writing a letter
- She will be learning English
- She will be reading journal abstract
- They will be writing a letter
- They will be learning English
- They will be reading journal abstract
- PERFECT
- I will have written a letter
- I will have learned English
- I will have read journal abstract
- She will have written a letter
- She will have learned English
- She will have read journal abstract
- They will have written a letter
- They will have learned English
- They will have read journal abstract
- PERFECT CONTINUOUS
- I will have been writing a letter
- I will have been learning English
- I will have been reading journal abstract
- She will have been writing a letter
- She will have been learning English
- She will have been reading journal abstract
- They will have been writing a letter
- They will have been learning English
- They will have been reading journal abstract
Berikut ini beberapa contoh kalimat aktif yang didapatkan dari jurnal ilmiah (Keterangan: tebal subjek; tebal-miring predikat).
- Content and discourse analysis of interviews with two elementary teachers revealed how they perceived features of their professional contexts as supports or constraints on their agency to create student-centered instruction as they planned from mathematics curriculum resources
- In the United States, scholarship on antiracist teaching in teacher education abounds
- This paper reports on teachers’ assessment practices, values underlying them, and the predictors of assessment practice dimensions
- The findings show that the most powerful predictor of high job satisfaction among SCTs is the availability of support whereas the most powerful predictor among FCTs is workload
- In cooperative learning, teachers structure students’ interactions and prepare them for cooperation so that students work together in small groups supporting each other’s’ learning processes
Passive Sentence / Passive Voice
Berikut ini materi penunjang untuk passive voice:
- Be Verb (Baca pada Lesson berjudul Linking Verb)
- Past Participle
Sebaliknya, passive sentence/voice merupakan jenis kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai aksi dari predikat. Passive voice dibentuk dari formula "Be diikuti Past Participle".
- English is learned (by a student)
Pada contoh kalimat diatas, be "is" yang diikuti oleh past participle "learned" menegaskan bahwa kalimat tersebut merupakan kalimat pasif. Perlu diingat bahwa penggunaan be harus sesuai dengan subjek dan tense & aspect yang digunakan.
Didalam bahasa Indonesia, predikat dari passive sentence biasanya berawalan di_ atau ter_.
Berikut contoh-contoh kalimat pasif (passive sentence/voice) dalam kaitannya dengan pronoun, noun dan tense & aspect. Perhatikan perubahan predikat yang diakibatkan oleh subjek (pronoun/noun) dan tense & aspect.
Passive Sentence in Past Tense
- SIMPLE
- A letter was written (by me)
- Letters were written (by me)
- English was learned (by me)
- Journal abstract was read (by me)
- Journal abstracts were read (by me)
- A letter was written (by her)
- Letters were written (by her)
- English was learned (by her)
- Journal abstract ws read (by her)
- Journal abstracts were read (by her)
- A letter was written (by them)
- Letters were written (by them)
- English ws learned (by them)
- Journal abstract ws read (by them)
- Journal abstracts were read (by them)
- CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE
- A letter was being written (by me)
- Letters were being written (by me)
- English was being learned (by me)
- Journal abstract was being read (by me)
- Journal abstracts were being read (by me)
- A letter was being written (by her)
- Letters were being written (by her)
- English was being learned (by her)
- Journal abstract was being read (by her)
- Journal abstracts were being read (by her)
- A letter was being written (by them)
- Letters were being written (by them)
- English was being learned (by them)
- Journal abstract was being read (by them)
- Journal abstracts were being read (by them)
- PERFECT
- A letter had been written (by me)
- Letters had been written (by me)
- English had been learned (by me)
- Journal abstract had been read (by me)
- Journal abstracts had been read (by me)
- A letter had been written (by her)
- Letters had been written (by her)
- English had been learned (by her)
- Journal abstract had been read (by her)
- Journal abstracts had been read (by her)
- A letter had been written (by them)
- Letters had been written (by them)
- English had been learned (by them)
- Journal abstract had been read (by them)
- Journal abstracts had been read (by them)
- PERFECT CONTINUOUS
- A letter had been being written (by me)
- Letters had been being written (by me)
- English had been being learned (by me)
- Journal abstract had been being read (by me)
- Journal abstracts had been being read (by me)
- Letters had been being written (by her)
- Letters had been being written (by her)
- English had been being learned (by her)
- Journal abstract had been being read (by her)
- Journal abstracts had been being read (by ther)
- A letter had been being written (by them)
- Letters had been being written (by them)
- English had been being learned (by them)
- Journal abstract had been being read (by them)
- Journal abstracts had been being read (by them)
Passive Sentence in Present Tense
- SIMPLE
- A letter is written (by me)
- Letters are written (by me)
- English is learned (by me)
- Journal abstract is read (by me)
- Journal abstracts are read (by me)
- A letter is written (by her)
- Letters are written (by her)
- English is learned (by her)
- Journal abstract is read (by her)
- Journal abstracts are read (by her)
- A letter is written (by them)
- Letters are written (by them)
- English is learned (by them)
- Journal abstract is read (by them)
- Journal abstracts are read (by them)
- CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE
- A letter is being written (by me)
- Letters are being written (by me)
- English is being learned (by me)
- Journal abstract is being read (by me)
- Journal abstracts are being read (by me)
- A letter is being written (by her)
- Letters are being written (by her)
- English is being learned (by her)
- Journal abstract is being read (by her)
- Journal abstracts are being read (by her)
- A letter is being written (by them)
- Letters are being written (by them)
- English is being learned (by them)
- Journal abstract is being read (by them)
- Journal abstracts are being read (by them)
- PERFECT
- A letter has been written (by me)
- Letters have been written (by me)
- English has been learned (by me)
- Journal abstract has been read (by me)
- Journal abstracts have been read (by me)
- A letter has been written (by her)
- Letters have been written (by her)
- English has been learned (by her)
- Journal abstract has been read (by her)
- Journal abstracts have been read (by her)
- A letter has been written (by them)
- Letters have been written (by them)
- English has been learned (by them)
- Journal abstract has been read (by them)
- Journal abstracts have been read (by them)
- PERFECT CONTINUOUS
- A letter has been being written (by me)
- Letters have been being written (by me)
- English has been being learned (by me)
- Journal abstract has been being read (by me)
- Journal abstracts have been being read (by me)
- Letters have been being written (by her)
- Letters have been being written (by her)
- English has been being learned (by her)
- Journal abstract has been being read (by her)
- Journal abstracts have been being read (by ther)
- A letter has been being written (by them)
- Letters have been being written (by them)
- English has been being learned (by them)
- Journal abstract has been being read (by them)
- Journal abstracts have been being read (by them)
Passive Sentence in Future Tense
- SIMPLE
- A letter will be written (by me)
- Letters will be written (by me)
- English will be learned (by me)
- Journal abstract will be read (by me)
- Journal abstracts will be read (by them)
- A letter will be written (by her)
- Letters will be written (by her)
- English will be learned (by her)
- Journal abstract will be read (by her)
- Journal abstracts will be read (by them)
- A letter will be written (by them)
- Letters will be written (by them)
- English will be learned (by them)
- Journal abstract will be read (by them)
- Journal abstracts will be read (by them)
- CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE
- A letter will be being written (by me)
- Letters will be being written (by me)
- English will be being learned (by me)
- Journal abstract will be being read (by me)
- Journal abstracts will be being read (by me)
- A letter will be being written (by her)
- Letters will be being written (by her)
- English will be being learned (by her)
- Journal abstract will be being read (by her)
- Journal abstracts will be being read (by her)
- A letter will be being written (by them)
- Letters will be being written (by them)
- English will be being learned (by them)
- Journal abstract will be being read (by them)
- Journal abstracts will be being read (by them)
- PERFECT
- A letter will have been written (by me)
- Letters will have been written (by me)
- English will have been learned (by me)
- Journal abstract will have been read (by me)
- Journal abstracts will have been read (by me)
- A letter will have been written (by her)
- Letters will have been written (by me)
- English will have been learned (by her)
- Journal abstract will have been read (by her)
- Journal abstracts will have been read (by her)
- A letter will have been written (by them)
- Letters will have been written (by me)
- English will have been learned (by them)
- Journal abstract will have been read (by them)
- Journal abstracts will have been read (by them)
- PERFECT CONTINUOUS
- A letter will have been being written (by me)
- Letters will have been being written (by me)
- English will have been being learned (by me)
- Journal abstract will have been being read (by me)
- Journal abstracts will have been being read (by me)
- A letter will have been being written (by her)
- Letters will have been being written (by her)
- English will have been being learned (by her)
- Journal abstract will have been being read (by her)
- Journal abstracts will have been being read (by her)
- A letter will have been being written (by them)
- Letters will have been being written (by them)
- English will have been being learned (by them)
- Journal abstract will have been being read (by them)
- Journal abstracts will have been being read (by them)
Berikut ini beberapa contoh yang dikutip dari abstrak jurnal.
- Implications for supporting student-centered mathematics instruction are discussed
- Implications for antiracist teaching practice and research are discussed
- Responses from 327 Indonesian teachers towards the Assessment for Learning in International Contexts (ALIC) questionnaire were analysed using descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and regression analysis
- Personal interviews were conducted with eight SCTs
- Although teachers were well informed about the principles of cooperative learning, they only knew a few methods to implement cooperative learning in class
Passive sentence dibentuk dengan pola be [was/were, am/are/is, will be] yang diikuti oleh past participle (baca: Past Participle).
meskipun pola dari passive voice telah paten ("be + past participle"), namun terkadang terdapat kelas kata lain (biasanya berupa adverb) yang dapat mengantarai be dengan past participle (Lihat contoh 5 - adverb "well" mengantarai be "were" dengan past participle "informed"). Adverb disekitar predikat dari passive voice berfungsi untuk menjelaskan predikat passive voice secara lebih spesifik (baca: Adverb).
Passive sentence/voice memiliki sedikit kemiripan dengan nominal sentence. Bedanya, "be" dalam nominal sentence tidak diikuti past participle sementara "be" dalam passive sentence/voice diikuti oleh past participle.